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Distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants
Šilhánková, Lenka ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with a trending topic – wastewater distribution of pharmaceuticals proven to be toxic to non-target organisms – specifically, the occurrence of beta-blockers, plentifully used in treating hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, is discussed. Members of this group, Atenolol, Acebutolol and Bisoprolol were chosen for closer study. The elimination of these chemicals was observed in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with different treatment technologies and various number of population equivalents. For said analytes, UHPLC with UV/VIS detection using diode array detector (DAD) method was optimalised. A part of this thesis also deals with optimalization of isolation and concentrating the analytes. Unfortunately, the described method was not suitable for real sample analysis, because in most samples, the limit of quantification or even the limit of detection was not exceeded. It would be best for an analytical method with higher sensitivity, e. g. mass detector, to be used. The data gained in this experiment do not hold any informational value about the effectiveness of WWTP, as the exact amount of Acebutolol in effluent was measured only in one case. Based on the to-date executed analysis, it is impossible to conclude whether the quality of the treated water, concerning the content of aforementioned pharmaceuticals, is in any way ideal.
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Determination of NSAIDs in wastewater
Krůzová, Sabina ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The thesis focuses on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater. It characterizes drugs and defines specific methods of determination naproxen and ibuprofen in wastewater. Besides their characteristics there are pre-analytics and final analytic methods described here which are used for determination of drugs in wastewater. To analyse we used wastewater from Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University in Brno. Samples were filtered and concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and after that they were analysed by UHPLC with diode array detector. Thanks to these practices and methods, there were found, that concentration of naproxen in wastewater from VFU Brno was below the limit of quantification and ibuprofen wasn´t detected in most of cases.
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Assessment of drugs in settlings with waste water treatment
Hájek, Radek ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on asessment of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plant sludge. Two macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin and clarithromycin) and three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac) were assessed. Sample of sludge was taken in municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice. Analytes were obtained using pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) or ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE). Clean-up was performed by solid phase extraction (SPE). Ultra high performance liquid chromatography followed by UV-VIS diode array detection was used for quantitative determination of the analytes.
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Preparation of hyaluronan oligosaccharides with N-acetylglucosamine at both ends of the chain using enzymatic catalysis
Gadová, Martina ; Hermannová,, Martina (referee) ; Šílová, Tereza (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with preparation of odd-numbered hyaluronan oligosaccharides with N-acetylglucosamine at both ends of the chain using enzymatic catalysis by -Glucuronidase. The theoretical part focuses on present knowledge of hyaluronic acid and it fragments. It focuses on properties, enzymatic hydrolysis, application in different branches of science, but also analysis of oligosaccharides. One chapter is devoted to properties of enzyme -Glucuronidase. The experimental part deals with preparation of oligosaccharides type HANN. The reaction conditions for preparation of HA oligosacharides were optimized (pH, temperature) and the progress of enzymatic hydrolysis and the mixture composition after digestion were monitored by method UHPLC.. After optimization the mixture of oligosaccharides HANN was prepared and consenquently it was analysed by methods UHPLC and LC-MS. All the data were acquired in company Contipro Pharma, a.s., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech republic.
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Influence of growing conditions on the biologically active substances of non-traditional leafy vegetables.
FRIEDBERGEROVÁ, Markéta
Currently, most of the vegetables that are produced on the European continent are released in greenhouses. This method offers a considerable number of advantages, such as lower amount of water and heat consumption, protection against pests or meteorological phenomena, such as hail, and thus higher yields. However, one of the major disadvantages of these devices is the fact that glass is not permeable to UV-B radiation, which supports the biosynthesis of flavonoids, substances that have beneficial antioxidant effects for the human organism. This undesirable effect can be eliminated by installing LED (Light-Emitting Diode) lighting in greenhouses. This is because these lights provide a wide spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, i.e. wavelengths that plants use for a whole range of their processes. In this diploma thesis, the influence of growing conditions on the content of biologically active substances, especially quercetin and kaempferol in non-traditional types of Asian leafy vegetables, namely Namenia, Sagami, Golden Lion, Choy Sum and Tatsoi, was investigated. All the mentioned varieties were grown in two crops (spring and autumn) in the greenhouse and on the seedbed in the years 2019-2021. The highest concentration of total quercetin was recorded in the spring seed of Namenia grown in 2019 on the seedbed 1241 mg/kg of dry matter. Also, the highest content of total kaempferol 1753 mg/kg of dry matter was found in Namenia, it was the autumn period of 2020, also grown in a seedbed. When converted to fresh weight, the results were the same, the value for quercetin was 103 mg/kg of fresh weight and for kaempferol 142 mg/kg of fresh weight.
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Liquid Chromatography Methods for Analysis of Actinomycete Secondary Metabolites - Potential Antibiotics
Kameník, Zdeněk ; Nesměrák, Karel (advisor) ; Cvačka, Josef (referee) ; Bosáková, Zuzana (referee)
(EN) This dissertation thesis contains scientific results achieved in the field of analytical chemistry, particularly liquid chromatography. The major part of the results has been published in prestigious international journals in five papers. In addition to that, relevant yet unpublished results have been included as well. In general terms, the work presented here contributed to the concerted efforts to tackle the current lack of novel antibiotics. Specifically, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) techniques coupled to a variety of detection systems have been employed for analysis of antibiotics and actinomycete secondary metabolites. The first thematic part describes the development of liquid chromatography methods for analysis of lincomycin precursors, lincomycin precursor analogues, and lincomycin derivatives. The methods have been applied to study lincomycin biosynthetic pathway and obtain improved lincomycin derivatives by mutasynthesis. The second thematic part aims at investigating alternative approaches for analysis of antibiotics. Firstly, the core-shell particle and the sub-2 μm particle chromatographic columns were compared. The core-shell particle columns compatible with HPLC proved to be a convenient alternative to the...
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Development of an UHPLC method for determination of abiraterone acetate and its oxidative degradation
Vlčková, Nikol ; Křížek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kubíčková, Anna (referee)
Aim of this thesis was to develop and validate a method for determination of pharmaceutical active substance abiraterone acetate for UHPLC and also to perform forced degradation with 0,3 % hydrogen peroxide and elevated temperatures. Because of poor solubility of abiraterone acetate in water, mixture of acetonitrile of water in ratio of 1:1 was chosen as solvent. Opimized separation was performer on the column Acquity CSH PHENYL-HEXYL (1.7 µm, 100 × 2.1 mm) and its temperature was 45 řC. Mobile phaze was composed of acetonitrile and 0.1 % aqueous solution of formic acid, flow of mobile phase was 0,3 ml/min, sample injection volume was 1 µl and gradient elution was used. UV/VIS detector with diode array was used at the 265 nm wavelenght. Quadrupole mass detector was used as well. For validation of the method repeatability, recovery and limits of detection and quantitation were tested. Calibration dependence was tested in the concentration in range of 0.1-1∙10-4 mg/ml. Forced degradation was carried out on two sets of samples. Hydrogen peroxide of 0.3 % mass concentration was added to one set. Both of the sets were exposed to laboratory temperature and to temperature o 50 řC for 1, 2, 3 days. Abiraterone acetate exhibited small extent of degradation without hydrogen peroxide in laboratory conditions...
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Oxidative degradation of ticagrelor
Kvapilová, Pavlína ; Kubíčková, Anna (advisor) ; Kozlík, Petr (referee)
This thesis deals with the oxidative degradation of the active pharmaceutical substance ticagrelor, which is used together with acetylsalicylic acid as a prevention against atherothrombotic events in adult patients. In this thesis, oxidation was studied both in the traditional way using hydrogen peroxide and the new electrochemical approach. The oxidation was performed with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide at 50 řC in various solvents. An electrochemical method for the oxidation of ticagrelor was developed as part of the thesis. This method was then optimized to achieve the highest possible oxidation efficiency. The thesis also investigated the effect of excipients on the oxidation rate. Degradation products were evaluated using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The structures of all the degradation products formed were identified using a QDA mass detector. Key words: UPLC, electrolysis, degradation studies, pharmaceuticals
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Oxidative degradation study of abacavir
Šušová, Nikola ; Kubíčková, Anna (advisor) ; Sobotníková, Jana (referee)
The aim of this study is forced oxidative degradation of active pharmaceutical ingredient abacavir, used to treat HIV-infected patients. A fast and sensitive method for the determination of abacavir and its degradation products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography has been developed and validated, that made it possible to evaluate the oxidation stability of abacavir and Ziagen tablets. Suitable chromatographic separation was achieved using a Kinetex C18 column and gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate (c = 20 mmol dm−3 , pH = 7.0). The total run time was 11 minutes. The determination of abacavir and its degradation products was performed by a photodiode array detector at λ = 254 nm. The optimized method for the determination of abacavir and its degradation products was applied to study the oxidation of abacavir by both traditional and electrochemical approaches. The forced degradation study in solution revealed abacavir instability in the presence of 3% hydrogen peroxide and during electrochemical oxidation. The study found that excipients in the tablet suppress the degradation of abacavir by approximately 10 %. Abacavir is oxidized by 15 % by hydrogen peroxide after 24 hours at 25 řC, after 1.5 hours at 50 řC and after 5 minutes at...
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